In the framework of the celebrations of the Eighth Centenary of the death of St. Francis 1226-2026, in the commemorative year of the Stigmata 2024, on Sunday 20 October Pope Francis will proclaim eight Friars Minor of the Custody of the Holy Land, martyrs of the faith in Damascus in 1860, saints. They are accompanied in martyrdom and glory by the three blessed Massabki brothers, lay Maronites.
In July 1860, the persecution of Christians by the Shi’ite Druze in Lebanon spread to Syria. On the 9th July , the populous Christian quarter of Damascus was set on fire and the people put to the sword. Christians of various denominations and rites suffered all sorts of violence. That same night the Franciscan friary of St. Paul was also attacked. The eight religious who lived there – seven of Spanish nationality and one of Austrian nationality – together with three lay Maronite collaborators who had taken refuge there, were slaughtered for refusing to deny their Christian faith and embrace Islam. The bodies of the martyrs, pitifully recovered a few days after the massacre, were buried in a common tomb which, with the rebuilding and consecration of the friary church in 1866, became a destination of devotion by the Christians of Damascus.
The new saints of the Order of Friars Minor and the Maronite Catholic Church will be:
Manuel Ruiz López, Guardian of the friary; was born in 1804 in San Martín de las Ollas, Burgos, Spain. He entered the Friars Minor in 1825 and was ordained a priest in 1830. The following year he was sent to the Holy Land where, after learning the local languages, he carried out a fruitful apostolate. Forced to return to Europe in 1847 for health reasons, he returned to the Holy Land in 1858. On the night of the massacre, as soon as the rioters entered the friary, he ran to the church to consume the Eucharistic Species, and was slaughtered at the foot of the altar.
Carmelo Bolta Bañuls, parish priest, was born in 1803 in Real de Gandía, Valencia, Spain. In 1825 he was received among the Friars Minor and in 1829 he was ordained a priest. In 1831 he left for the Holy Land where he resided in the friaries of Jaffa, Damascus and Ain Karem at the Sanctuary of the Visitation. In 1851 he was transferred to Damascus as parish priest and teacher of Arabic.
Engelbert Kolland, parochial vicar, born in 1827 in Ramsau, Salzburg, Austria. He entered the Friars Minor in 1847 and was ordained a priest in 1851. He reached the Holy Land in April 1855. He carried out his missionary apostolate first at the friary of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, then in Damascus as assistant parish priest, where he was much loved by the people.
Nicanor Ascanio Soria, was born in 1814 in Villarejo de Salvanés, Madrid, Spain. In 1830 he entered the Friars Minor. Due to the suppression of religious, he was ordained a priest amongst the diocesan clergy. With the reopening of the College for the Missions of Priego di Cuenca, he was able to return to the Friars Minor in 1858. He arrived in the Holy Land in February 1859 and was assigned to the friary of Damascus. His readiness for martyrdom was a constant note of his spirituality.
Nicolás María Alberca Torres, born in 1830 in Aguilar de la Frontera, Córdoba, Spain. Already a religious amongst the Brothers of the Jesús Nazarene Hospital in Cordoba, he was received amongst the Friars Minor in 1856 and ordained a priest in 1858. Called to missionary life, he arrived in the Holy Land in 1859 and was assigned to the friary of Damascus to learn the Arabic language.
Pedro Nolasco Soler Méndez, was born in 1827 in Lorca, Murcia, Spain. After some work experience he was received at the age of twenty-nine amongst the Friars Minor in 1856 and ordained a priest in 1857. The following year he submitted a request for the mission of the Custody of the Holy Land, where he arrived on the 20th February, 1859. He was sent to the friary of St. Paul in Damascus where he spent just over a year.
Francisco Pinazo Peñalver, was born in 1802 in the village of El Chopo in Alpuente, Valencia, Spain. He was admitted to the novitiate of the Friars Minor in 1831. As a lay brother he held the office of sacristan until 1835, the year of religious suppression in Spain. In order to re-embrace community life, he opted for service in the Custody of the Holy Land, where he arrived in October 1843. For about 17 years he worked as a cook and tailor in various friaries. In the friary of Damascus, at the time of his martyrdom he was the sacristan.
Juan Jacob Fernández, was born in 1808 in the town of Moire, Ourense, Spain. In 1831 he entered as a lay brother amongst the Friars Minor. Unfortunately, the suppression of 1835 interrupted his experience of conventual life for a few years. In 1858 he asked to be associated with the Custody of the Holy Land. In 1859 he was serving as the cook at the friary in Damascus.
Francis Massabki, a Maronite Christian, silk merchant, was well known in Damascus and esteemed as an honest and pious man. He was married and the father of eight children. He gave an example of great generosity everywhere, especially towards the poor and needy. He was linked to the Franciscan friars for whom he acted as a proxy. Together with his brothers Mooti and Raffaele he was at the friary of St Paul at the hour of his martyrdom.
Mooti Massabki, lived with his wife and five children in the same house as his older brother Francesco. He attended the convent of St. Paul daily, both for prayer and to carry out teaching activities in the local school for the boys. Ready to shed his blood for Christ, as he taught in catechism lessons, he did not hesitate to offer his life in the name of faith. His two sons, Naame and Joseph, were pupils at the convent school at the time and were eyewitnesses to the martyrdom.
Raffaele Massabki, younger brother of Francis and Mooti, unmarried, gladly lent his help to his family and to the friars; he was very devoted to Our Lady and paused for a long time in prayer in the church of the friary. He was still present within the conventual walls of St. Paul on the night between 9th and 10th July 1860, when the Druze burst in, by whom he was murdered together with his two brothers.
In 1872 the Order of Friars Minor began the process for the beatification of Manuel Ruiz and the seven confreres. With a special procedure authorized by Pius XI at the request of the Maronite Patriarchate, the names of the three Massabki brothers, collaborators of the religious, were added to the group of Friars Minor shortly before the beatification. The rite was solemnly celebrated in St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican on the 10th October, 1926.
The resumption of the Cause has recently been determined by the observation of the ever-growing fame of martyrdom of the eleven Martyrs of Damascus and the spread of their cult throughout the world, particularly in the Maronite Church. Associated with this was the certainty that their canonization could constitute a message of dialogue, peace and unity in the Middle Eastern context, which was less and less serene and more and more agitated by the winds of war. To this end, the Holy Synod of Maronite Bishops in the year 2022 invoked from Pope Francis the canonization of the Blessed Massabki Martyrs, heroic exponents of Maronite lay holiness. The Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor and the Custos of the Holy Land also joined in the petition, emphasizing the aforementioned pastoral opportunities and in honour of the Eighth Centenary of the death of St. Francis of Assisi.
In the Consistory of the 1st July 2024, Pope Francis established that the solemn Canonization would come to pass in St. Peter’s Square on Sunday the 20th October, 2024, World Mission Day.
St. Peter, who was born in Alcantara, a small town in Spain, studied at the great university of Salamanca, and entered the Franciscans at the age of sixteen. From the start, Peter adopted a habit of extreme austerity. He trained himself to sleep no more than two hours at night; he wore no sandals on his feet; he would eat no flesh and drink no wine. Eventually he won permission to found a group of Franciscans along these lines. It was said that their cells – only seven feet long – resembled more graves than rooms. Nevertheless, he found many willing followers.
In the course of extensive preaching tours, he came to know St. Teresa of Avila and became her spiritual advisor. At that time, she was seeking courage to undertake her reform of the Carmelite Order and she later testified on behalf of his canonization that it was Peter, more than anyone, who had encourage her mission. “When I came to know him he was very old, and his body so shriveled and weak that it seemed to be composed as it were of the roots and dried bark of a tree rather than flesh,” she wrote. She also claimed, after his death in 1562, to receive visions of Peter, so that “Our Lord has been pleased to let me enjoy more of him than I did when he was alive.”
One time a brother was complaining to Peter about the wickedness of the world, and the saint replied. “The remedy is simple. You and I must first be what we ought to be; then we shall have cured what concerns ourselves. Let each one do the same, and all will be well. The trouble is that we all talk of reforming others without ever reforming ourselves.”
St. Peter died on October 18, 1562. He was canonized in 1669.
Among the great majority of official saints drawn from traditional “religious life,” Contardo Ferrini stands out as a layman who lived out his faith in the world of scholarship and civic service. From his early youth he displayed a deep dedication to prayer. But rather than enter the priesthood, he chose the academic life as his own path to holiness. Through studies in Pavia in Italy, and later in Berlin, he became one of the world’s authorities on Roman law. He taught at a number of universities and published hundreds of scholarly articles and several textbooks. In 1895, he was elected to the municipal council of Milan. Apart from this work he had a passion for nature and mountaineering.
Although he was a Franciscan tertiary, he was not the type of saint famous for exceptional acts of charity or mystical visions. What seems to have impressed those who came in contact with him was an overwhelming goodness and thirst for life – the evidence that it is possible to lead a holy life in the midst of the ordinary duties of work and life in the world.
In pronouncing his beatification in 1947, Pope Pius XII referred to him as a man who “gave an emphatic ‘Yes’ to the possibilities of holiness in these days.”
Ferrini died of typhus on October 17, 1902, at the age of forty-three.
John Baptist Bullaker was born in Chichester, England. When he was eighteen, he resolved to become a missionary priest. All Catholic institutions in England at this point having been suppressed, he went to France and studied at the Jesuit College at St. Omer. The next year, he entered the Franciscans.
After his ordination in 1628, he prepared to return to England, a most dangerous mission territory. Any priest found on English soil was subject to arrest; the same was true for those who harbored him. In fact, Bullaker was arrested immediately upon his landing, though several months in jail he was released for lack of evidence. Thus, he was able to carry on a clandestine ministry for fourteen years, mostly among the gentry. Holing up in hidden cupboards, traveling in disguise, he was passed from house to house, saying Mass, hearing confessions, comforting the faithful, attending the sick and dying, while managing to evade the authorities and their watchful spies. Finally, on September 11, 1642, he was betrayed by a maid in a house where he was saying Mass, and arrested.
Asked by the sheriff his purpose in returning to England, he answered, “to bring back my country to the fold of Christ from which it was gone astray.” Tried and convicted for treason, he was sentenced to death. On October 12, he was hanged in Tyburn before a large crowd. While still alive, he was disemboweled, then quartered, his head was displayed on London Bridge.
Along with other English martyrs, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1989.
On October 28, 1958, a new pope greeted the Church from the balcony overlooking St. Peter’s Square. There stood the smiling, rotund figure of Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli, the son of peasants and recently the patriarch of Venice. “I am called John,” he said.
In appearance, and in almost every other respect, Pope John XXIII stood in contrast with his gaunt and otherworldly predecessor, Pius XII. Gregarious and open, John exuded an enthusiasm for life that in itself set a positive tone for his pontificate and raised hopes for a season of change. These hopes were answered by the astonishing announcement that he intended to convene an ecumenical council, the first in almost a hundred years. He spoke of the need to “open the windows” of the Church and to let in fresh air. It was the signal of an extraordinary renewal, an era of openness and positive dialogue between the Church and the modern world.
On October 4, 1962, on the eve of the opening of the Second Vatican Council, Pope John made a rare trip outside of Rome to visit Assisi, to prayer to the Blessed Mother and St. Francis for the success of the Council. It was a reminder of his deep Franciscan roots. As a young boy of fourteen, while enrolled in the junior seminary of Bergamo, he was received as a Third Order Franciscan. “Oh! The serene and innocent joy of that coincidence,” he said. “A Franciscan tertiary and cleric on his way to the priesthood, drawn in, therefore by the same cords of simplicity, still unconscious and happy, that was to accompany us up to the blessed altar that was later to give us everything in life.”
There were many steps along the way to the Chair of St. Peter: Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria and then Turkey, nuncio to France, and later Patriarch of Venice. But Pope John always acknowledge his familial bonds with the followers of St. Francis. In 1959, just after his election as pope, he presided over a celebration marking the 750th anniversary of Pope Innocent III’s approval of the Franciscan Rule. At the end of his remarks, he said, “Beloved sons! Allow us to add a special word from the heart to all those here who belong to the peaceful army of the lay Tertiaries of St. Francis: I am your brother Joseph.”
Having launched Vatican II, Pope John did not live to see it completed. Dying of cancer, he retained his humor and humility. “My bags are packed,” he said, “and I am ready to go.” From his deathbed he dictated a final message of hope for the Church he loved:
Now more than ever, certainly more than in past centuries, our intention is to serve as such and not only Catholics; to defend above all and everywhere the rights of the human person and not only those of the Catholic Church; it is not the Gospel that changes; it is we who begin to understand it better…The moment has arrived when we must recognize the signs of times, seize the opportunity, and look far abroad.
Pope John XXIII died on June 3, 1963. In a few brief years he had won the hearts of the world, and his passing was universally mourned. He was canonized in April 2014.
Camille Sophia Truszkowska, who later took the religious name Mother Angela, was born in Poland to an educated, middle-class family. Her father, who was a juvenile court judege, encouraged Camille’s acute social conscience and her interest in uncovering the causes of poverty and injustice. At the age of twenty-three, she underwent what she called her “conversion,” the beginning of an intense life of prayer and devotion. Though she considered entering a contemplative order, she perceived that her vocation was to be of service to the suffering poor. Joining the St. Vincent de Paul Society, she spent her time visiting and befriending those on the margins. At the suggestion of her spiritual director, a Capuchin priest, she joined the Third Order of St. Francis.
In 1855, she and a companion took a vow before the icon of Our Lady, pledging themselves to the will of God in all things. This became the foundation of the Sisters of St. Felix, a name inspired by a local Franciscan shrine. The works of the congregation, the first in Poland to combine action and contemplation, were wide-ranging, involving care for orphans, social centers, and hospitals.
At the age of forty-four, Mother Angela retired from leadership and quietly devoted herself to prayer. She loved on for thirty years, much of the time suffering in poor health. Her community, meanwhile, continued to grow, even sending sisters to North America. She died on October 10, 1899. She was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1993.
